237 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
237 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
# liblouis: Uncontracted braille table for Yiddish.
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#
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#
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# This file is part of liblouis.
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#
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# liblouis is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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# under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
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# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 2.1 of the
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# License, or (at your option) any later version.
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#
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# liblouis is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
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# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
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# Lesser General Public License for more details.
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#
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# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
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# License along with liblouis. If not, see
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# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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#-license: LGPLv2.1
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# Copyright (C) 2024 by Abby Howell <abby.g.howell@gmail.com>
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#-copyright: 2024, Abby Howell <abby.g.howell@gmail.com>
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#-index-name: Yiddish
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#-display-name: Yiddish braille
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#+language: yi
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#+type: literary
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#+dots: 6
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#+contraction: no
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#+grade: 1
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#+direction:forward
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# This table was created by Abby Howell, Matthew Shifrin, and Harris Mowbray
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#-author: Abby Howell <abby.g.howell@gmail.com>
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#-author: Matthew Shifrin <matshifrin@aol.com>
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# Yiddish is a Jewish language written in the Hebrew alphabet, which has
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# been spoken by Ashkenazic Jewish communities in Eastern Europe and their
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# descendants for over 1000 years. Although Yiddish is written using the
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# same alphabet as Hebrew, not all of Unicode characters used in Yiddish
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# are represented in the Hebrew Braille tables. Additionally, in Hebrew,
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# the letters are only used to represent consonants, and the vowels are
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# written with diacritic accent characters and often omitted entirely. In
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# Yiddish, by contrast, all vowel sounds are represented by letters or
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# combinations of letters. Because of this, even though the two languages
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# share an alphabet, they need to use separate Braille tables.
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# Background:
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#
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# This braille table is being proposed by a sighted teacher and a blind student
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# of Yiddish at the Boston Worker's Circle, who have been working together, along
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# with a consortium of advisors, to make the language accessible through braille.
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#
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# Yiddish was incorporated into unicode two decades ago with a few special characters
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# and combinations of letters which have unique unicode characters, which are not
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# represented by the Hebrew Braille table. The result is that, when a blind reader
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# tries to read a Yiddish text file, many of the characters are not represented, filling
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# the output with "mystery characters".
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# This table is needed so that braille reader software will be able to recognize
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# the unicode characters that represent Yiddish and display them in readable Braille.
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# This table is informed by and inspired by the Hebrew Braille table, but with Braille
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# characters assigned to the letters based on the way they are pronounced in Yiddish.
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# Notable differences with the Hebrew Braille table are as follows:
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# The letter ayin is used in Yiddish as a vowel "e". We have assigned it dots 15,
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# overriding the Hebrew's 1246.
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# The letter vov is used in Yiddish as the vowel "u", and two vovs are the consonant "v".
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# We assigned the single vov dots 346, overriding Hebrew's 2456, and we assigned
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# the double-vov dots 1236.
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# The second letter of the Hebrew alphabet, beys, can be pronounced like a "b" or like a "v".
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# In Hebrew Braille, the letter is assigned dots 1236, and when it has a dagesh (a dot
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# in the middle of the letter representing that it's pronounced as a stop), it gets dots 12.
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# In Yiddish, this letter is used to represent the sound "b" in most cases, and when it
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# is used to represent the sound "v" it is written with a "rafe" which is a line
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# above the letter (the rafe is not generally used in Hebrew). So we have assigned the
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# unmarked beys the dots 12, and the beys with rafe (called "veys" in Yiddish) the dots 2456.
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# There are a handful of special letter combinations that are used in Yiddish to represent
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# dipthongs (combination vowels). The letters vov-yud are used to represent the sound "oy" and
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# we've assigned that combo dots 246. The letters yud-yud are used to represent the sound "ey"
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# and we've assigned them dots 26. The letters yud-yud-pasekh represent the sound "ay" and
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# we've assigned them dots 356.
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# For the letter alef with pasekh, used in Yiddish to represent the vowel "a", we've assigned
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# dots 12346. For the letter alef with komets, used in Yiddish to represent the sound "o", we've
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# selected dots 12356.
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# In the process, we've relied on a consortium of experts for advice, including:
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# - Mark David, a board member of the League for Yiddish, who was involved in the
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# effort to incorporate Yiddish into Unicode over 20 years ago. He is the force behind
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# UYIP.org, a website and listserve for Understanding Yiddish Information Processing.
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# - Harry Bochner, a linguist and software engineer who co-authored the
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# Comprehensive Yiddish-English Dictionary
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# - Caryn Navy, a braille expert who works at Duxbury Systems
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# - Harris Mowbray, a software engineer with experience creating Braille tables
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# for other languages
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# - Daniel Carkner, a (sighted) Yiddish speaker who also reads UEB Braille
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# The final mapping of Yiddish letters to Braille characters was decided by
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# Matthew Shifrin after a semester of learning to read Yiddish with various
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# draft Braille tables. The final map is as follows:
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#
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# shtumer alef א 1 ⠁
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# pasekh alef אַ 12346 ⠯
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# komets alef אָ 12356 ⠷
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# beys ב 12 ⠃
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# veys בֿ 2456 ⠺
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# giml ג 1245 ⠛
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# daled ד 145 ⠙
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# hey ה 125 ⠓
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# vov ו 346 ⠬
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# tsvey vovn װ 1236 ⠧
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# vov yud ױ 246 ⠪
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# zayin ז 1356⠵
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# khes ח 1346 ⠭
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# tes ט 2345 ⠞
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# yud י 245 ⠚
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# tsvey yudn ײ 26 ⠢
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# pasekh tsvey yudn ײַ 356 ⠴
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# kof כּ 13 ⠅
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# khof כ 16 ⠡
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# lamed ל 123 ⠇
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# mem מ 134 ⠍
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# nun נ 1345 ⠝
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# samekh ס 234 ⠎
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# ayin ע 15 ⠑
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# pey פּ 1234 ⠏
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# fey פֿ 124 ⠋
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# tsadik צ 2346 ⠮
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# kuf ק 12345 ⠟
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# reysh ר 1235 ⠗
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# shin ש 146 ⠩
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# sin שׂ 156 ⠱
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# tof תּ 1256 ⠳
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# sof ת 1456 ⠹
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# Braille indicators
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numsign 3456 number sign, just a dots operand
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capsletter 6
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begcapsword 6-6
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endcapsword 6-3
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# literary forms of the decimal digits
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include litdigits6Dots.uti
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# display/passthrough for unicode braille
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include braille-patterns.cti
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# include the hebrew braille table
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include he-IL.utb
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include en-chardefs.cti All character definition opcodes
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# YIDDISH
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punctuation \x05BF 36 # HEBREW POINT RAFE
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letter \x05D0 1 # YIDDISH LETTER SHTUMER ALEF (silent letter)
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letter \xFB2E 12346 # YIDDISH LETTER PASEKH ALEF (a)
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letter \xFB2F 12356 # YIDDISH LETTER KOMETS ALEF (o)
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letter \xfb31 12 # YIDDISH LETTER BEYS WITH DAGESH (b)
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letter \xFB4C 2456 # YIDDISH LETTER VEYS WITH RAFE (v)
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letter \x05d1 12 # YIDDISH LETTER BEYS (b)
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letter \x05D2 1245 # YIDDISH LETTER GIML (g)
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letter \x05D3 145 # YIDDISH LETTER DALED (d)
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letter \x05D4 125 # YIDDISH LETTER HEY (h)
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letter \x05D5 346 # YIDDISH LETTER VOV (u)
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letter \xfb35 346 # YIDDISH LETTER MELUPM VOV (u)
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letter \x05F0 1236 # YIDDISH LIGATURE TSVEY VOVN (v)
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letter \x05F1 246 # YIDDISH LIGATURE VOV YUD (oy)
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letter \x05D6 1356 # YIDDISH LETTER ZAYIN (z)
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letter \x05D7 1346 # YIDDISH LETTER KHES (kh)
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letter \x05D8 2345 # YIDDISH LETTER TES (t)
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letter \x05D9 245 # YIDDISH LETTER YUD (i)
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letter \xfb1d 245 # YIDDISH LETTER KHIRIK YUD (i)
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letter \x05F2 26 # YIDDISH LIGATURE TSVEY YUDN (ey)
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letter \xFB1F 356 # YIDDISH LIGATURE PASEKH TSVEY YUDN (ay)
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letter \xFB3B 13 # YIDDISH LETTER KOF (k)
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letter \x05DB 16 # YIDDISH LETTER KHOF (kh)
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letter \x05DA 16 # YIDDISH LETTER LANGER KHOF (kh)
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letter \x05DC 123 # YIDDISH LETTER LAMED (l)
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letter \x05DE 134 # YIDDISH LETTER MEM (m)
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letter \x05DD 134 # YIDDISH LETTER SHLOS MEM (m)
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letter \x05E0 1345 # YIDDISH LETTER NUN (n)
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letter \x05DF 1345 # YIDDISH LETTER LANGER NUN (n)
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letter \x05E2 15 # YIDDISH LETTER AYIN (e)
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letter \xFB44 1234 # YIDDISH LETTER PEY WITH DAGESH (p)
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letter \xFB4E 124 # YIDDISH LETTER FEY WITH RAFE (f)
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letter \x05E4 124 # YIDDISH LETTER FEY (f)
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letter \x05E3 124 # YIDDISH LETTER LANGER FEY (f)
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letter \x05E6 2346 # YIDDISH LETTER TSADIK (ts)
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letter \x05E5 2346 # YIDDISH LETTER LANGER TSADIK (ts)
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letter \x05E7 12345 # YIDDISH LETTER KUF (k)
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letter \x05E8 1235 # YIDDISH LETTER REYSH (r)
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letter \x05E9 146 # YIDDISH LETTER SHIN (sh)
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letter \xFB2B 156 # YIDDISH LETTER SIN (s)
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letter \xFB4A 1256 # YIDDISH LETTER TOF (t)
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letter \x05EA 1456 # YIDDISH LETTER SOF (s)
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always \x05D5\x05D9 246 # YIDDISH LETTER VOV YUD (oy)
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always \x05D5\x05D5 1236 # YIDDISH LETTER VOV VOV (v)
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always \x05D9\x05D9 26 # YIDDISH LETTER YUD YUD
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always \x05F2\x05B7 356 # YIDDISH LETTER PASEKH TSVEY YUDN WITH SEPARATE PASEKH
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always \xFB1F 356 # YIDDISH LETTER PASEKH TSVEY YUDN
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always \x05D1\x05BF 2456 # YIDDISH LETTER VEYS WITH SEPARATE RAFE
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always \xFB4C 2456 # YIDDISH LETTER VEYS WITH SEPARATE RAFE
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always \x05DB\x05BC 13 # YIDDISH LETTER KAF WITH SEPARATE DAGESH
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always \xFB3B 13 # YIDDISH LETTER KAF WITH DAGESH כּ
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always כּ 13 # YIDDISH LETTER KAF WITH SEPARATE DAGESH כּ
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always פּ 1234 # YIDDISH LETTER PEY WITH SEPARATE DAGESH פּ
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always פּ 1234 # YIDDISH LETTER PEY WITH DAGESH פּ
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always \x05E4\x05BC 1234 # YIDDISH LETTER PEY WITH SEPARATE DAGESH פּ
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always פֿ 124 # YIDDISH LETTER FEY WITH RAFE פֿ
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always \x05E4\x05BF 124 # YIDDISH LETTER FEY WITH SEPARATE RAFE פֿ
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always \x05E9\x05C2 156 # YIDDISH LETTER SIN WITH SEPARATE DOT
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always שׂ 156 # YIDDISH LETTER SIN WITH DOT שׂ
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always שׂ 156 # YIDDISH LETTER SIN WITH SEPARATE DOT שׂ
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always \x05EA\x05BC 1256 # YIDDISH LETTER TOF WITH SEPARATE DAGESH תּ
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always תּ 1256 # YIDDISH LETTER TOF WITH SEPARATE DAGESH תּ
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always \x05D0\x05B7 12346 # YIDDISH LETTER PASEKH ALEF WITH SEPARATE PASEKH
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always אַ 12346 # YIDDISH LETTER PASEKH ALEF WITH SEPARATE PASEKH
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always \x05D0\x05B8 12356 # YIDDISH LETTER KOMETS ALEF WITH SEPARATE KOMETS
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always אָ 12356 # YIDDISH LETTER KOMETS ALEF WITH SEPARATE KOMETS
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always \x05D5\x05BC 346 # YIDDISH LETTER MELUPM VOV WITH SEPARATE DAGESH
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always וּ 346 # YIDDISH LETTER MELUPM VOV WITH SEPARATE DAGESH
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always \x05D9\x05B4 245 # YIDDISH LETTER KHIREK YUD WITH SEPARATE KHIREK
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always יִ 245 # YIDDISH LETTER KHIREK YUD WITH SEPARATE KHIREK
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always ב 12 # YIDDISH LETTER BEYS ב
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always בּ 12 # YIDDISH LETTER BEYS WITH DAGESH בּ
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always \x05E2 15 # YIDDISH LETTER AYIN (e)
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always \x05D5 346 # YIDDISH LETTER VOV (u)
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